Pattimura, Indonesian national hero

Pattimura

Born on the island of Saparua, Pattimura joined the British army after they took the Maluku islands from the Dutch colonials. When the islands were returned to the Dutch in 1816, he was dismissed. Concerned that the Dutch would implement programs that limited his people, Pattimura led an armed rebellion that captured Fort Duurstede on 16 May 1817. Killing the inhabitants of the fortress and fighting off Dutch reinforcements, on 29 May he was declared the leader of the Maluku people. After being betrayed by the King of Booi Pati Akoon, he was captured by Dutch forces on 11 November and hanged the next month.
Pattimura has become a symbol of both Maluku and Indonesian independence, praised by President Sukarno and declared a national hero by President Suharto. He has several namesakes both in the capital of Maluku, Ambon, and in the rest of the Indonesian archipelago.
Pattimura was born Thomas Mattulessi on 8 June 1783 in Saparua, Maluku; the name Pattimura was his pseudonym. His parents were Frans Matulessia and Fransina Tilahoi, and he had a little brother named Yohanis. In 1810, the Maluku islands were taken over from the Dutch colonials by the British. Mattulessi received military training from their army and reached the rank of sergeant major.
He was appointed as Kapitan by the people of Saparua to rebel against the Dutch on 14 May 1817. The assault began on the 15th, with Pattimura and his lieutenants Said Perintah, Anthony Reebhok, Paulus Tiahahu and Tiahahu's daughter Martha Christina Tiahahu leading the way. On 16 May 1817, he managed to seize the Duurstede Fort, and killed nearly all Dutchmen inside, including Resident van den Berg. The only Dutch survivor was van den Berg's five-year-old son. On 29 May, together with other Maluku leaders, he made the Haria Proclamation, which outlined their grievances against the Dutch government and declared Pattimura to be the leader of the Maluku people.
After the seizure, Pattimura defended the fort and defeated Major Beetjes, Second Lieutenant E. S. de Haas, and their troops. He later led an unsuccessful attack on Fort Zeelandia in Haruku.
Due to betrayal from Booi's king, Pati Akoon, and Tuwanakotta, he was arrested on 11 November 1817 while he was in Siri Sori, and the Duurstede Fort was recaptured by the Dutch Army. He and his fellows were sentenced to death. On 16 December 1817, Pattimura together with Anthony Reebook, Philip Latumahina, and Said Parintah were hanged in front of Niew Victoria Fort in Ambon.
Pattimura and his war have been used as symbols for both Maluku independence, such as with the short-lived Republic of South Maluku, and Indonesian patriotism. The 1st president of Indonesia, Sukarno, considered Pattimura a great patriot.
Pattimura was awarded the title National Hero of Indonesia by President Suharto in 1973 through Presidential Decree number 87/TK. In Ambon, he is commemorated in the names of the University of Pattimura, Pattimura Airport, and a street, as well as a statue; there are also streets named after him throughout the archipelago. 15 May is celebrated as Pattimura Day; a similar, smaller holiday is on 2 January for the younger Tiahahu. He is also featured on the 2000 series of the 1,000 rupiah bill.

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Supriyadi, Indonesian National Hero

Supriyadi

Supriyadi, older spelling Soeprijadi, was an Indonesian national hero who rebelled against the occupying Japanese in 1945.
Supriyadi was born in East Java, Dutch East Indies, on April 13, 1923. He attended junior high school, then a school to prepare him for government bureaucracy in Magelang. However, the Japanese invaded Indonesia before he graduated. He then switched to high school and underwent youth training in Tangerang, West Java.
In October 1943, the Japanese established a militia, PETA to assist Japanese forces against the Allies. Supriyadi joined PETA, and after training was posted to Blitar, East Java. He was tasked with overseeing the work of the Romusha forced laborers. The plight of these workers inspired him to rebel against the Japanese. When Supriyadi join with PETA, his got rank as shodancho or platoon commander.
When nationalist leader Sukarno visited his parents in Blitar, PETA officers told him that they had begun to plan a rebellion and asked for Sukarno's opinion. He told them to consider the consequences, but Supriyadi, leader of the rebels, was convinced the uprising would succeed.
In the early hours of 14 February 1945, rebels attacked Japanese troops, causing heavy casualties. However, the Japanese defeated the rebellion and put the ringleaders on trial. Six people were sentenced to death and the rest were given jail sentences ranging from three years to life. However, Supriyadi wasn't executed. Some tell Supriyadi was run and hide from Japanese and never been found.
On 6 October 1945 in a government decree issued by the newly independent Indonesia, Supriyadi was named minister for public security in the 1st cabinet. However he failed to appear, and was replaced on 20 October by ad interim minister Muhammad Soeljoadikusuma. To this day his fate remains unknown.
He was officially declared a National Hero on 9 August 1975 in Presidential Decision No. 063/TK/1975.

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Pierre Tendean, Indonesian national hero

Pierre Tendean

Pierre Andreas Tendean was a victim of the 30th September Movement (G30S) and is an Indonesian national hero.
Tendean was the only son of A.L. Tendean from Minahasa and Indo mother Cornet M.E. of Dutch and French descent. He had an older sister, Mitze Farre, and younger sister, Rooswidiati. Tendean’s father was a doctor and held posts in hospitals in Jakarta, Tasikmalaya, Cisarua, Magelang, and Semarang. Tendean attended elementary school in Magelang and middle school and high school in Semarang. His desire after completing grade school was to attend the National Military Academy (Indonesian: Akademi Militer Nasional). However, his parents wanted him to become a doctor like his father or an engineer. The compromise was for Pierre to attend the Army’s engineering academy (Indonesian: Akademi Teknik Angkatan Darat (ATEKAD)), which he started in 1958.
Tendean received battlefield experience while in the academy when he was sent to West Sumatra with his fellow cadets to participate in a military operation named "Sapta Marga". At that time Tendean was a Corporal and was assigned to the Army’s Corps of Engineers. In 1962, Tendean graduated from ATEKAD and was given the rank Second Lieutenant (Indonesian: Letnan Dua (Letda) Czi). His 1st assignment was as Platoon Commander in the 2nd Battalion of the Corps of Engineers in the 2nd Regional Military Command (Indonesian: Komandan Peleton Batalyon Zeni Tempur 2 Komando Daerah Militer II (Danton Yon Zipur 2 / Dam II) ) in Medan.
The following year, Tendean received intelligence training in Bogor and was subsequently assigned to the Army Central Intelligence Service ). He was sent to the front lines during the confrontation with Malaysia known as "Dwikora", where he led a group of volunteers in several infiltrations into Malaysia performing intelligence gathering. On April 15, 1965, Tendean was promoted to First Lieutenant (Indonesian: Letnan Satu (Lettu)) and was assigned as a personal aide to General Abdul Haris Nasution.
In the early morning hours of October 1, 1965, troops loyal to the G30S came to Nasution’s house with the intent to kidnap him. Shots were fired that awakened Tendean who was staying at the general’s housing complex. He was apprehended by the troops and was mistaken for Nasution, as the dark house, as well as Nasution's escape during this particular night, prevented them from finding the true Nasution. Tendean was brought to Lubang Buaya along with six high-ranking officers of the army. He was shot to death, and his body thrown into an old well with the other deceased captives.
Pierre Andreas Tendean was named a national hero for his dedication and sacrifice to the nation on October 5, 1965 by President Sukarno. He was posthumously promoted to the rank of Captain (Indonesian: Kapten Czi Anumerta) and buried in the Kalibata Heroes Cemetery (Indonesian: Taman Makam Pahlawan Kalibata). He was only 26 years old.

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Lieutenant Colonel I Gusti Ngurah Rai : Indonesian National Hero

I Gusti Ngurah Rai

Lieutenant Colonel I Gusti Ngurah Rai is an Indonesian National Hero who commanded Indonesian forces in Bali against the Dutch during the Indonesian War of Independence. He was killed in the Battle of Margarana.
Ngurah Rai was born in Carangsari, Badung Regency, Bali on 30 January 1917. He studied at a Dutch elementary school, then went to high school in Malang, East Java. He then received Dutch military training at the Military Cadet School in Gianyar, Bali and Magelang, Central Java. After graduating, he joined the Dutch-sponsored military as a 2nd lieutenant in Bali.
After the Indonesian Declaration of Independence. he established the People's Security Army, the forerunner of the Military of Indonesia for the Lesser Sunda Islands. He then left for the republican capital, Yogyakarta to receive orders before returning to Bali to oppose the approximately 2,000 Dutch troops who had landed on 2 and 3 March 1946.
Ngurah Rai found that the republican forces were divided and he worked hard to reunite them. He then organized the 1st attack against the Dutch forces headquarters at Tabanan. The Dutch then attempted to locate Nguraha Rai's base and offered negotiations, which he refused.
On 20 November 1946, the Dutch launched a large scale attack on Marga with the assistance of troops from Lombok and supported by aircraft. Lt. Col Ngurah Rai ordered a Puputan, or fight to the death. He died along with all of his troops. The battle is now known as the Battle of Margarana.
Ngurah Rai was buried in Marga. On 9 August 1975, he was made a national hero via Presidential Decision No. 063/TK/TH 1975. Ngurah Rai International Airport, in Bali is named for him and he appears on the IDR50,000 note.

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